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''Digitaria exilis'', with English common names white fonio, fonio millet, and hungry rice or acha rice,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy )〕 is a grass species. It is the most important of a diverse group of wild and domesticated ''Digitaria'' species known as fonio that are harvested in the savannas of West Africa. The grains are very small. It has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable use of the land. The name (borrowed by English from French) is from Wolof ''foño''.〔Christian Seignobos and Henry Tourneux, ''Le Nord-Cameroun à travers ses mots: Dictionnaire de termes anciens et modernes: Province de l'extrême-nord'' (KARTHALA Editions, 2002; ISBN 2845862458), p. 107.〕 Fonio has continued to be important locally because it is both nutritious and one of the world's fastest growing cereals, reaching maturity in as little as six to eight weeks. It is a crop that can be relied on in semi-arid areas with poor soils, where rains are brief and unreliable. The grains are used in porridge and couscous, for bread, and for beer. The small grains make it difficult and time-consuming to remove the husk. Traditional methods include pounding it in a mortar with sand (then separating the grains and sand) or "popping" it over a flame and then pounding it (which yields a toasted color grain; this technique is used among the Akposso). The invention of a simple fonio husking machine offers an easier mechanical way to dehusk. The genetic diversity of ''Digitaria exilis'' varies from region to region in Africa. For example, not much genetic diversity was detected among the domesticated ''Digitaria exilis'' landraces from Mali.〔Koreissi-Dembélé, Y., Fanou-Fogny, N., Hulshof, P., & Brouwer, I. (2013). Fonio (Digitaria exilis) landraces in Mali: Nutrient and phytate content, genetic diversity and effect of processing. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 29(2), 134-143.〕 In contrast, large levels of genetic diversity were detected among the domesticated ''Digitaria'' exilis landraces of the Upper Niger River Basin of West Africa.〔Adoukonou-Sagbadja, H., Wagner, C., Dansi, A., Ahlemeyer, J., Daïnou, O., Akpagana, K., & Friedt, W. (2007). Genetic diversity and population differentiation of traditional fonio millet (Digitaria spp.) landraces from different agro-ecological zones of West Africa. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 115(7), 917-931.〕 The many different landraces of Digitaria exilis are affected differently by the various processing methods.〔Ballogou, V., Sagbo, F., Soumanou, M., Manful, J., Toukourou, F., & Hounhouigan, J. (2015). Effect of processing method on physics-chemical and functional properties of two fonio (Digitaria exilis) landraces. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(3), 1560-1577.〕 ==Description== The fonio is an annual, erect herbaceous plant which reaches stature heights from 30 to 80 centimeters. The ears consist of two to five narrow part ears, which are up to 15 centimeters long. The spikelets comprise a sterile flower and a fertile flower, the latter of which gives rise to the fonio grain. The grain is a caryopsis, which remains surrounded by glumes and husks. Its size is very small, only 1.5 mm (around 2000 seeds to 1 gram).The colour ranges from white, yellow and purple. Fonio mature faster than all other cereals. Some varieties can already be harvested 42-56 days after sowing. Other ripen more slowly, usually in 165-180 days. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Digitaria exilis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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